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the patients with OD complain of reduced the informed consent paper. Patients who
quality of life (QoL). These patients usually were being followed in our ENT department
2
have worries regarding hazard avoidance, between June and August of 2022 reporting
insecurities regarding their body smell OD were contacted to participate in the study.
and reduced enjoyment of food, which can Exclusion criteria was refusal to participate
consequently lead to anxiety and depressive and lack of cognitive skills necessary to
symptoms. 3 complete the questionnaire. Clinical and
OD is usually secondary to sinonasal disease, demographic variables were obtained from
mainly chronic rhinosinusitis. However, medical history with full ear, nose, and throat
other causes exist, such as congenital OD, (ENT) examination, as well as through the
posttraumatic OD, and post-infectious OD, patient’s records. All patients were submitted
which is trending since 2020 because of the to psychophysical olfactory testing for odor
COVID-19 pandemic. Despite most COVID-19 threshold and identification, as recommended
4
patients having only transitory OD, some by Hummel et al. For odor threshold we
4
unlucky few are dealing with long-standing utilized the Connecticut Chemosensory
effects – a case-controlled study of 100 patients Clinical Research Center (CCCRC) threshold
by Boscolo-Rizzo et al. reported that 7% had test with butanol; and for odor identification
11
functional anosmia 1 year after infection. 5 we used the Sniffin’ Sticks (SnSt) identification
The Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders- test with 16 pens (Burghart Messtechnik),
Negative Statements (QOD-NS) with 17 items which is already validated for the Portuguese
was an adaptation of the original version population. 12,13
of the Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders
(QOD) by Frasnelli et al., which contained 52 Translation and validation process of
items. Recently, to improve efficiency of the the Brief version of the Questionnaire of
6,7
questionnaire and reducing patient burden, Olfactory Disorders-Negative Statements to
Mattos et al. published the brief version of Portuguese
the QOD-NS (bvQOD-NS) with 7 items, with The score of the original bvQOD-NS is reported
excellent correlations to the original scores. 8,9 on a scale of 0 (I agree) to 3 (I disagree), with a
To the best of our knowledge, there is no maximum of 21 points. Since the statements
8
translation of the bvQOD-NS validated to are negative, lower scores reflect worse
the Portuguese language. Given the growth olfactory-specific QoL. Recommendations for
in awareness of the importance of OD and the translation and cross-culture adaptation
the increase in research, there is a need of health-related QoL measures were followed
for standardized questionnaires to allow to translate the original bvQOD-NS.
14
comparison between series and to better The translation and validation process
understand and deal with our patients’ is summarized in Figure 1. Independent
struggles. Thus, we aim to translate, validate, translations were performed by three
10
and adapt the bvQOD-NS to the Portuguese Portuguese doctors who are fluent in English.
language. These three translations were reconciled into
one preliminary Portuguese version, which
Materials and methods was sent for back-translation by a bilingual
Study population English-Portuguese native speaker doctor.
This study was approved by the Research Since the original English version and the
and Ethics Committee of Centro Hospitalar back-translated version were similar, the
do Tâmega e Sousa and followed the tenets preliminary Portuguese version was then sent
of the Declaration of Helsinki for biomedical to three Portuguese experts in rhinology who
research. Every patient enrolled in the study are also fluent in English. Each made its own
agreed to participate in the study and signed translation and compared the preliminary
172 Portuguese Journal of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery
